Antibiotic | Category | Subcategory | No. of studies | No. of heteroresistant isolates | No. of heteroresistant | Prevalence (%) (95% CI) | I2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Isoniazid | Overall |  | 19 | 11,761 | 1236 | 5 (0–12) | 99.42 |
Heteroresistance assay | Line-probe assay (LPA) | 16 | 10,266 | 1219 | 5 (0–15) | 99.49 | |
Sequencing-based methods | 2 | 1400 | 16 | 0 (0–1) | – | ||
Other | 1 | 95 | 1 | 1 (0–6) | – | ||
Year | 2001–2014 | 6 | 620 | 56 | 9 (1–23) | 95.06 | |
2015–2017 | 8 | 6035 | 43 | 2 (0–5) | 93.29 | ||
2018–2020 | 5 | 5106 | 1137 | 4 (0–27) | 99.71 | ||
Quality | High | 7 | 4220 | 1175 | 9(0–27) | 99.02 | |
Low | 12 | 7541 | 61 | 2 (1–5) | 92.68 | ||
Rifampin | Overall |  | 17 | 3782 | 600 | 7 (2–14) | 97.59 |
Heteroresistance assay | Line-probe assay (LPA) | 9 | 2511 | 526 | 9 (2–20) | 97.43 | |
Sequencing-based methods | 6 | 1001 | 71 | 6 (0–16) | 96.02 | ||
Other | 2 | 270 | 3 | 1 (0–2) | – | ||
Year | 2001–2014 | 6 | 808 | 102 | 12 (3–26) | 95.84 | |
2015–2017 | 7 | 1269 | 28 | 2 (1–4) | 65.52 | ||
2018–2020 | 4 | 1705 | 470 | 10 (1–28) | 93.42 | ||
Quality | High | 7 | 2479 | 506 | 9 (1–23) | 98.49 | |
Low | 10 | 1303 | 94 | 6 (1–12) | 93.13 | ||
Fluoroquinolones | Overall |  | 12 | 2153 | 113 | 10 (3–19) | 96.20 |
Heteroresistance assay | Line-probe assay (LPA) | 4 | 350 | 25 | 9 (0–24) | 92.26 | |
Sequencing-based methods | 7 | 1711 | 80 | 10 (1–27) | 97.40 | ||
Other | 1 | 92 | 8 | 9 (4–16) | – | ||
Year | 2001–2014 | 5 | 636 | 81 | 12 (3–26) | 94.48 | |
2015–2017 | 4 | 181 | 22 | 11 (1–29) | 86.59 | ||
2018–2020 | 3 | 1336 | 10 | 5 (0–22) | – | ||
Quality | High | 6 | 401 | 38 | 10 (5–18) | 74.92 | |
Low | 6 | 1752 | 75 | 9 (0–25) | 97.79 | ||
Ethambutol | Overall |  | 4 | 1509 | 9 | 1 (0–4) | 78.23 |