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Table 1 Prevalence of antibiotic heteroresistance in M. tuberculosis isolates based on quality, publication year, and heteroresistant assay

From: Antibiotic heteroresistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Antibiotic

Category

Subcategory

No. of studies

No. of heteroresistant isolates

No. of heteroresistant

Prevalence (%) (95% CI)

I2

Isoniazid

Overall

 

19

11,761

1236

5 (0–12)

99.42

Heteroresistance assay

Line-probe assay (LPA)

16

10,266

1219

5 (0–15)

99.49

Sequencing-based methods

2

1400

16

0 (0–1)

–

Other

1

95

1

1 (0–6)

–

Year

2001–2014

6

620

56

9 (1–23)

95.06

2015–2017

8

6035

43

2 (0–5)

93.29

2018–2020

5

5106

1137

4 (0–27)

99.71

Quality

High

7

4220

1175

9(0–27)

99.02

Low

12

7541

61

2 (1–5)

92.68

Rifampin

Overall

 

17

3782

600

7 (2–14)

97.59

Heteroresistance assay

Line-probe assay (LPA)

9

2511

526

9 (2–20)

97.43

Sequencing-based methods

6

1001

71

6 (0–16)

96.02

Other

2

270

3

1 (0–2)

–

Year

2001–2014

6

808

102

12 (3–26)

95.84

2015–2017

7

1269

28

2 (1–4)

65.52

2018–2020

4

1705

470

10 (1–28)

93.42

Quality

High

7

2479

506

9 (1–23)

98.49

Low

10

1303

94

6 (1–12)

93.13

Fluoroquinolones

Overall

 

12

2153

113

10 (3–19)

96.20

Heteroresistance assay

Line-probe assay (LPA)

4

350

25

9 (0–24)

92.26

Sequencing-based methods

7

1711

80

10 (1–27)

97.40

Other

1

92

8

9 (4–16)

–

Year

2001–2014

5

636

81

12 (3–26)

94.48

2015–2017

4

181

22

11 (1–29)

86.59

2018–2020

3

1336

10

5 (0–22)

–

Quality

High

6

401

38

10 (5–18)

74.92

Low

6

1752

75

9 (0–25)

97.79

Ethambutol

Overall

 

4

1509

9

1 (0–4)

78.23

  1. I2 the percentage of variance in a meta-analysis that shows study heterogeneity