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Table 1 Subgroup analysis of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in humans

From: “One Health” perspective on prevalence of co-existing extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis

Risk factors

Number of studies

Pooled estimates

Measure of heterogeneity

Publication bias

Sample

size

ESBL positive

I2 (95%CI)

Q value

I2

Q

Begg and Mazumdar rank

P-value

Overall Human

        

E. coli

101

75,064

17,513

33% (28.2–38.1)

11465.719

99.128

< 0.001

0.51290

 K. pneumoniae

101

34,099

8165

32.7% (28.6–37.1)

4420.069

99.128

< 0.001

0.94853

Human settings

        

Hospital

        

E. coli

68

33,906

11,068

49% (41.1–57.4)

6538.749

98.975

< 0.001

0.70704

 K. pneumoniae

68

17,106

4321

45.0% (38.8–53.4)

2695.361

97.514

< 0.001

0.38823

Tertiary Hospital

        

E. coli

20

135,146

11,325

37.6% (20.9–58.0)

16771.387

99.887

< 0.001

0.06924

 K. pneumoniae

20

28,333

4442

35.1% (22.8–49.7)

3742.403

99.519

< 0.001

0.15146

Military Hospital

        

E. coli

3

4387

1373

42.3% (17.6–71.5)

368.625

99.457

< 0.001

0.11719

 K. pneumoniae

3

2153

468

19.9% (12.8–29.7)

44.703

95.526

< 0.001

0.60151

Study year

        

 1990–2000

     

−

  

E. coli

4

2719

192

10.9% (04.4–24.5)

116.215

97.419

< 0.001

0.49691

 K. pneumoniae

4

1068

154

25.4% (7.1–60.0)

171.414

98.250

< 0.001

0.17423

 2000–2010

        

E. coli

27

11,107

2667

29.6% (21.5–39.1)

1764.542

98.527

< 0.001

0.40435

K. pneumoniae

27

7211

2405

39.7% (31.8–48.1)

989.685

97.372

< 0.001

0.19618

 2011–2020

        

E. coli

59

36,636

9422

35.8% (29.4–42.9)

6067.911

99.044

< 0.001

0.75857

 K. pneumoniae

59

18,333

3545

28.9% (23.7–34.8)

2366.531

97.549

< 0.001

0.32342

 2021–2022

        

E. coli

11

12,719

5516

53.5% (41.1–65.5)

375.190

97.335

< 0.001

0.58579

K. pneumoniae

11

6524

1961

37.3% (28.7–46.8)

99.095

89.909

< 0.001

0.97893

Samples

        

 Blood

        

E. coli

14

11,903

2875

22.7% (16.9–29.9)

641.879

97.975

< 0.001

0.62222

K. pneumoniae

14

7655

1278

34.2% (20.8–50.6)

1152.802

98.872

< 0.001

0.78430

 Faecal

        

E. coli

8

538

243

52.7% (29.3–74.9)

139.664

94.988

< 0.001

0.13765

 K. pneumoniae

8

633

123

19.8% (9.9–35.8)

84.956

91.760

< 0.001

0.02595

 Urine

        

E. coli

24

16,547

2885

34.5% (24.6–45.9)

2047.148

98.876

< 0.001

0.92097

K. pneumoniae

24

3852

 

37.7% (28.7–47.7)

504.579

95.442

< 0.001

0.88169

 Stool and urine

        

E. coli

3

18,520

95

3.4% (1–10.4)

40.165

95.020

< 0.001

0.60151

K. pneumoniae

3

12,735

227

20.9% (4.6–59.1)

38.051

94.744

< 0.001

0.11719

 Various specimens

        

E. coli

33

23,970

7557

34.2% (26.1–43.3)

1996.713

98.397

< 0.001

0.43850

K. pneumoniae

33

13,261

3432

28.8% (22.1–36.6)

1087.196

97.057

< 0.001

0.75665

Countries

        

 China

        

E. coli

3

859

363

39.7% (27.7–53.1)

23.425

91.462

< 0.001

0.60151

K. pneumoniae

3

877

165

23.4% (13.7–37.0)

16.911

88.173

< 0.001

0.60151

 India

        

E. coli

7

1506

455

35.2% (25.4–46.4)

85.911

93.016

< 0.001

0.22634

K. pneumoniae

7

970

303

36.3% (24.3–50.3)

89.011

93.259

< 0.001

0.92873

 Iran

        

E. coli

5

1433

404

42.9% (20.0–69.3)

259.145

98.456

< 0.001

0.32719

K. pneumoniae

5

436

221

55.0% (38.4–70.6)

44.200

90.950

< 0.001

0.43562

 Israel

        

E. coli

3

945

146

17.7% (9.7–30.1)

24.392

91.801

< 0.001

0.60151

K. pneumoniae

3

881

289

36.1% (28.7–44.3)

4.516

55.718

< 0.001

0.60151

 Korea

        

E. coli

9

2252

473

23.8% (10.8–44.4)

449.122

98.219

< 0.001

0.75445

K. pneumoniae

9

  

29.5% (19.5–41.9)

110.576

92.765

< 0.001

0.91697

 Nepal

    

−

−

−

−

E. coli

4

1338

442

36.3% (13.3–68.0)

308.318

98.703

< 0.001

0.62421

K. pneumoniae

4

660

73

15.1% (8.3–25.7)

17.544

77.200

< 0.001

062421

 Nigeria

        

E. coli

12

1408

591

42.3% (25.1–61.6)

356.471

96.914

< 0.001

0.33705

K. pneumoniae

12

1107

313

27.0% (18.7–37.2)

106.094

89.632

< 0.001

0.68075

 Pakistan

        

E. coli

4

1815

587

34.3% (18.6–54.6)

174.838

98.284

< 0.001

1.0000

K. pneumoniae

4

1006

269

26.7% (12.2–48.8)

109.626

97.263

< 0.001

1.0000

 Saudi Arabia

        

E. coli

3

2271

441

34.6% (10.3–70.9)

297.555

99.328

< 0.001

0.60151

K. pneumoniae

3

1081

200

29.2% (9.8–61.1)

108.691

98.160

< 0.001

0.60151

 Taiwan

        

E. coli

6

1208

596

43.0% (31.1–55.7)

91.477

93.441

< 0.001

0.45269

K. pneumoniae

6

1182

568

44.4% (36.5–52.5)

38.247

84.313

< 0.001

0.29311

 Thailand

        

E. coli

6

16,792

6582

52.1% (42.0–62.0)

435.392

98.622

< 0.001

0.88062

K. pneumoniae

6

8336

8336

32.0% (22.3–43.6)

343.138

98.251

< 0.001

0.45269

 Turkey

        

E. coli

4

905

327

38.1% (25.7–52.3)

42.725

90.638

< 0.001

0.62421

K. pneumoniae

4

622

222

41.8% (31.8–52.4)

14.948

73.241

< 0.001

1.0000

 USA

        

E. coli

3

1173

203

23.2% (13.2–37.4)

10.706

81.319

< 0.001

0.117119

 K. pneumoniae

3

286

139

55.7% (17.2–88.5)

76.316

97.379

< 0.001

0.60151

 Continent

        

 Africa

        

E. coli

28

3649

1291

44.3% (32.2–57.2)

859.940

96.860

< 0.001

0.42938

K. pneumoniae

28

2129

586

32.8% (24.6–42.2)

322.557

91.629

< 0.001

0.96848

 Asia

        

E. coli

72

37,812

11,900

35.7% (31.2–40.5)

4138.772

98.285

< 0.001

0.38421

K. pneumoniae

72

20,673

5844

30.3% (26.6–34.3)

1841.097

96.198

< 0.001

0.88163

 Europe

        

E. coli

9

16,485

14,916

23.1% (13.9–35.9)

1109.543

99.189

< 0.001

0.53125

K. pneumoniae

9

7072

2833

25.4% (11.0–48.2)

1322.463

99.319

< 0.001

0.32518

 North America

        

E. coli

7

5862

2229

28.1% (8.9–60.8)

2116.863

99.669

< 0.001

0.50000

 K. pneumoniae

7

3464

6657

25.0% (11.1–47.1)

550.010

98.727

< 0.001

0.45790

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Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials

ISSN: 1476-0711

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