Table 2 Subgroup analysis of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in animals
Risk factors | Number of studies | Pooled estimates | Measure of heterogeneity | Publication bias | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample size | ESBL positive | I2 (95%CI) | Q Value | I2 | Q | Beg and Mazumdar rank P-value | |||
Overall Animal | |||||||||
E. coli | 17 | 3282 | 872 | 33.5% (13.1–36.1) | 606.921 | 97.364 | < 0.001 | 0.65046 | |
K. pneumoniae | 16 | 2753 | 324 | 19.4% (9.7–34.9) | 307.376 | 95.120 | < 0.001 | 0.47130 | |
Study year | |||||||||
2011–2020 | |||||||||
E. coli | 11 | 664 | 346 | 75% (41.5–62.1) | 357.913 | 97.206 | < 0.001 | 0.31151 | |
K. pneumoniae | 10 | 398 | 90 | 17.1% (6.5–37.9) | 210.352 | 95.721 | < 0.001 | 0.42083 | |
2021–2022 | |||||||||
E. coli | 6 | 2618 | 526 | 61.8% (25.5–88.4) | 234.455 | 97.867 | < 0.001 | 0.57303 | |
K. pneumoniae | 6 | 2355 | 144 | 23.7% (7.6–53.9) | 95.062 | 94.740 | < 0.001 | 0.57303 | |
Samples | |||||||||
Chickens | |||||||||
E. coli | 5 | 578 | 287 | 48.0% (14.0–80.0) | 209.184 | 98.088 | < 0.001 | 0.14164 | |
K. pneumoniae | 5 | 288 | 82 | 43.5% (15.0–77.0) | 68.954 | 94.199 | < 0.001 | 0.5000 | |
Countries | |||||||||
Nigeria | |||||||||
E. coli | 3 | 442 | 169 | 33.4% (3.5–87.2) | 166.522 | 98.799 | < 0.001 | 0.11719 | |
K. pneumoniae | 3 | 248 | 28 | 11.9% (8.0–17.5) | 2 | 18.847 | < 0.001 | 0.11719 | |
Continent | |||||||||
Africa | |||||||||
E. coli | 9 | 1085 | 555 | 49.6% (28.2–71.1) | 282.725 | 97.171 | < 0.001 | 0.40425 | |
K. pneumoniae | 9 | 734 | 166 | 32.9% (16.6–56.6) | 139.268 | 94.256 | < 0.001 | 0.40425 | |
Asia | |||||||||
E. coli | 5 | 341 | 159 | 44.5% (24.5–66.5) | 47.327 | 91.548 | < 0.001 | 1.0000 | |
K. pneumoniae | 4 | 163 | 60 | 33.7% (14.7–60.1) | 24.560 | 87.785 | < 0.001 | 1.0000 | |
Europe | |||||||||
E. coli | 2 | 1407 | 62 | – | – | – | – | – | |
K. pneumoniae | 2 | 1407 | 5 | – | – | – | – | – | |
North America | |||||||||
E. coli | 1 | 449 | 96 | – | – | – | – | – | |
K. pneumoniae | 1 | 449 | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | |