Table 2 Methods of diagnosis, pathogens and therapeutic antibiotics use among women with single source pregnancy-related infection, by source of infection (N = 1456)
Diagnostics and management | Urinary tract infection (N = 531) | Chorioamnionitis (N = 314) | Endometritis (N = 256) | Skin and soft tissue infection after caesarean section (N = 180) | Abortion-related uterine infection (N = 175) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Method of confirmation of infection (n = 1456) | < 0.001 | |||||
Clinically confirmed onlya | 408 (76.8%) | 298 (94.9%) | 256 (100.0%) | 136 (75.6%) | 170 (97.1%) | |
Microbiologically confirmed | 123 (23.2%) | 16 (5.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 44 (24.4%) | 5 (2.9%) | |
Any sample for culture drawn at any time (yes, n = 1448) | 339 (63.8%) | 109 (34.7%) | 106 (41.4%) | 99 (55.0%) | 56 (32.0%) | < 0.001 |
Sample for blood culture drawn before administration of antibiotics (yes, n = 714) | 242 (45.6%) | 62 (19.7%) | 74 (28.9%) | 59 (32.8%) | 27 (15.4%) | 0.004 |
Non-matching culture samples to the source of infectionb (yes, n = 1456) | 27/339 (7.9%) | 22/109 (20.2%) | 76/106 (71.7%) | 8/99 (8.1%) | 6/56 (10.7%) | < 0.001 |
Pathogen identified in matching samples by any methodsc (n = 258) | ||||||
Bacteria | 118 (22.2%) | 16 (5.0%) | 44 (24.4%) | 5 (2.9%) | ||
Monomicrobial | 117 (22.0%) | 13 (4.1%) | 35 (19.4%) | 4 (2.3%) | ||
Polymicrobial | 1 (0.2%) | 3 (0.9%) | 9 (5.0%) | 1 (0.6%) | ||
Fungi | 8 (1.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.5%) | 1 (0.6%) | ||
Bacteria and fungi identifiedd (n = 258) | < 0.001 | |||||
Escherichia coli | 103 (80.4%) | 8 (44.5%) | 12 (21.8%) | 2 (16.7%) | ||
Klebsiella pneumoniae | 8 (6.3%) | 4 (22.2%) | 9 (16.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
Staphylococcus aureus | 3 (2.3%) | 5 (37.8%) | 21 (38.2%) | 1 (8.3%) | ||
Other gram-negativee | 2 (1.6%) | 1 (5.5%) | 7 (12.7%) | 7 (58.4%) | ||
Other gram-positivef | 4 (3.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (9.1%) | 1 (8.3%) | ||
Candida spp | 8 (6.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.8%) | 1 (8.3%) | ||
Therapeutic antibiotics started the day of suspicion or diagnosis of infectiong (n = 1456) | < 0.001 | |||||
None | 66 (12.4%) | 21 (6.7%) | 43 (16.8%) | 41 (22.8) | 20 (11.4%) | |
Single antibiotic | 329 (62.0%) | 74 (23.6%) | 45 (17.6%) | 44 (24.4) | 36 (20.6%) | |
Antibiotic combination | 136 (25.6%) | 219 (69.7%) | 168 (65.6%) | 95 (52.8) | 119 (68%) | |
Most commonly prescribed therapeutic antibiotics at day of suspicion/diagnosis of infection | ||||||
Metronidazole | 45 (8.5%) | 126 (40.1%) | 131 (51.2%) | 69 (38.3%) | 97 (55.4%) | |
Cephalosporin 1st/2nd generation | 126 (23.7%) | 38 (12.1%) | 36 (14.1%) | 16 (8.9%) | 17 (9.7%) | |
Cephalosporin 3rd/4th generation | 157 (29.6%) | 94 (29.9%) | 87 (34.0%) | 53 (29.4%) | 54 (30.9%) | |
Aminoglycosides | 58 (11.0%) | 97 (30.9%) | 81 (31.7%) | 31 (17.3%) | 47 (26.8%) | |
Penicillin | 6 (1.1%) | 11 (3.5%) | 5 (2.0%) | 1 (0.6%) | 1 (0.6%) | |
Clindamycin | 43 (8.1%) | 41 (13.1%) | 38 (14.8%) | 21 (11.7%) | 23 (13.1%) | |
Co-amoxiclav | 55 (10.0%) | 67 (21.3%) | 25 (9.8%) | 20 (11.1%) | 23 (13.1%) | |